Historian Ibram X. Kendi argues that "people are either racist or anti-racist, and that there is no middle ground; one is either actively fighting racism or perpetuating it through inaction." This is particularly true of institutional racism. Institutional racism, as defined by the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, "is distinguished from the explicit attitudes or racial bias of individuals by the existence of systematic policies or laws and practices that provide differential access to goods, services and opportunities of society by race. For children and families it affects where they live, the quality of the education they receive, their income, types of food they have access to, their exposure to pollutants, whether they have access to clean air, clean water or adequate medical treatment, and the types of interactions they have with the criminal justice system." In this keynote address, Dr. Whitaker will further define racism and institutional racism, and actionable ways to operationalize anti-racism. For more information contact Reverend Brad Munroe, Pastor to the Presbytery, Grand Canyon and de Cristo presbyteries.